IMAGE_DENOISE
Remove Noise from an Image

IMAGE_DENOISE is a FORTRAN77 library which uses the median filter to try to remove noise from an image.

A gray scale image can be represented using a 2D array of nonnegative integers over some range 0 to GMAX. The value 0 indicates black, and GMAX white. Intermediate values represent shades of gray in a natural way. Note, however, that the eye has a nonlinear response to intensity, so that the value GMAX/2 will not be perceived as halfway between 0 and GMAX. That is a separate issue.

A color image can be represented using a set of three 2D arrays, which can be thought of as R, G, and B, and which represent the intensity of the red, green and blue signals that combine to form the color image. A common maximum value is assumed, RGBMAX.

The ASCII Portable Gray Map (PGM) and Portable Pixel Map (PPM) formats are a convenient, if somewhat inefficient, way to store such images. These ASCII formats are easy to read and write from a program.

In the example considered here, a good image is damaged by the addition of "salt and pepper" noise; that is, a scattering of individual pixels have been randomly reset to the lowest or highest possible values. In a gray scale picture, such noise looks as though salt and pepper were added to the picture.

Since an image is fairly "smooth", each good pixel should actually be fairly close to the values of good pixels nearby, while this will not be true for the salt and pepper pixels. So one way to make the noise go away, at the cost of some minor blurring, is to replace each pixel by the median value of itself and its neighbors.

There are sophisticated programs for applying the filters to a noisy image, with the user allowed to specify the shape of a rectangular neighborhood about each pixel. However, in this example, we go through some of the lower level details "by hand", applying simple versions of the median filter, in which each pixel is replaced by the median of nearby values.

Licensing:

The computer code and data files described and made available on this web page are distributed under the GNU LGPL license.

Languages:

IMAGE_DENOISE is available in a C version and a C++ version and a FORTRAN77 version and a FORTRAN90 version and a MATLAB version.

Related Data and Programs:

IMAGE_COMPONENTS, a FORTRAN77 library which seeks the connected "nonzero" or "nonblack" components or "segments" of an image or integer vector, array or 3D block.

IMAGE_EDGE, a FORTRAN77 library which demonstrates a simple procedure for edge detection in images.

PGMA_IO, a FORTRAN77 library which handles the ASCII Portable Gray Map (PGM) format.

• image_denoise.f, the source code.
• image_denoise.sh, BASH commands to compile the source code.

Examples and Tests:

• image_denoise_prb.f, a sample calling program.
• image_denoise_prb.sh, BASH commands to compile and run the sample program.
• image_denoise_prb_output.txt, the output file.

BALLOONS is an RGB image of a couple with balloons, to which salt and pepper noise has been added.

• balloons_noisy.ascii.pgm, the ASCII PGM file of glassware, with added noise.
• balloons_noisy.png, a PNG version.

GLASSWARE is a grayscale image of glassware, to which salt and pepper noise has been added.

• glassware_noisy.ascii.pgm, the ASCII PGM file of glassware, with added noise.
• glassware_noisy.png, a PNG version.
• glassware_median_news.ascii.pgm, the ASCII PGM file of glassware, after the noise has been filtered using the median NEWS filter.
• glassware_median_news.png, a PNG version.

List of Routines:

• CH_CAP capitalizes a single character.
• GET_UNIT returns a free FORTRAN unit number.
• GETINT reads an integer from a file.
• GRAY_MEDIAN_NEWS uses a median NEWS filter on a gray scale image to remove noise.
• I4VEC_FRAC searches for the K-th smallest element in an I4VEC.
• I4VEC_MEDIAN returns the median of an unsorted I4VEC.
• PGMA_READ_DATA reads the data in an ASCII PGM file.
• PGMA_READ_HEADER reads the header of an ASCII PGM file.
• PGMA_WRITE writes an ASCII PGM file.
• PGMA_WRITE_DATA writes the data of an ASCII PGM file.
• PGMA_WRITE_HEADER writes the header of an ASCII PGM file.
• S_EQI is a case insensitive comparison of two strings for equality.
• S_TO_I4 reads an I4 from a string.
• TIMESTAMP prints the current YMDHMS date as a time stamp.
• WORD_NEXT_RD "reads" words from a string, one at a time.

You can go up one level to the FORTRAN77 source codes.