MACHINE
Table of Machine Constants

MACHINE is a FORTRAN90 library which returns machine constants, particularly those related to arithmetic with single precision real and double precision real quantities.

Equivalent FORTRAN90 library functions

In FORTRAN90, there are built-in arithmetic functions that can immediately return the values that MACHINE is supposed to have stored. You should prefer to use the values supplied by FORTRAN90, since these will automatically be adjusted to the appropriate values for the computer you are using, and the arithmetic precision you have chosen!

If X is a single precision real value,then:

• r1mach(1) = tiny ( x )
• r1mach(2) = huge ( x )
• r1mach(3) = epsilon ( x ) / radix ( x )
  (note that radix(x) is 2 for most computers!)
• r1mach(4) = epsilon ( x )
• r1mach(5) = log ( radix ( x ) )

If X is a double precision real value, then:

• d1mach(1) = tiny ( x )
• d1mach(2) = huge ( x )
• d1mach(3) = epsilon ( x ) / radix ( x )
  (note that radix(x) is 2 for most computers!)
• d1mach(4) = epsilon ( x )
• d1mach(5) = log ( radix ( x ) )

MACHINE must be reset for your computer

MACHINE is not an "intelligent" program; it's simply a way to store and retrieve the information necessary to describe the arithmetic performed on a given computer. Therefore, if you plan to use MACHINE on a particular kind of computer, you must verify that the values being returned are appropriate.

One way to do this is to run the program MACHAR which is an "intelligent" program that actually tries to determine machine arithmetic properties dynamically.

MACHINE's arithmetic assumptions

MACHINE uses some simple conventions to describe how integers and real numbers are stored on an arbitrary computer.

MACHINE assumes that integers are represented using S digits in base A:

Sign * ( X(S-1)*A^(S-1) + ... + X(1)*A + X(0))

MACHINE assumes that real numbers are represented using a mantissa T, base B and exponent E as:

Sign * T * B^E

What MACHINE can return

D1MACH returns quantities associated with double precision arithmetic, including:

1. B^(EMIN-1), the smallest positive magnitude.
2. B^EMAX*(1-B^(-T)), the largest magnitude.
3. B^(-T), the smallest relative spacing.
4. B^(1-T), the largest relative spacing.
5. log10(B)

I1MACH returns quantities associated with integer arithmetic, as well as some integer quantities associated with real and double precision arithmetic, and other machine-specific information.

1. the standard input unit.
2. the standard output unit.
3. the standard punch unit.
4. the standard error message unit.
5. the number of bits per integer storage unit.
6. the number of characters per integer storage unit.
7. A, the base for integers.
8. S, the number of base A digits in an integer.
9. A^S-1, the largest integer.
10. B, the base for single and double precision numbers.
11. T, the number of base B digits for single precision.
12. EMIN, the smallest exponent E for single precision.
13. EMAX, the largest exponent E for single precision.
14. T, the number of base B digits for double precision.
15. EMIN, the smallest exponent E for double precision.
16. EMAX, the largest exponent E for double precision.

R1MACH returns quantities associated with single precision arithmetic, including:

1. B^(EMIN-1), the smallest positive magnitude.
2. B^EMAX*(1-B^(-T)), the largest magnitude.
3. B^(-T), the smallest relative spacing.
4. B^(1-T), the largest relative spacing.
5. log10(B)

Licensing:

The computer code and data files described and made available on this web page are distributed under the GNU LGPL license.

Languages:

MACHINE is available in a C version and a C++ version and a FORTRAN90 version and a MATLAB version and a Python version.

Related Data and Programs:

F90, FORTRAN90 programs which tests the routines, EPSILON, HUGE, and TINY for evaluating some machine arithmetic quantities directly.

MACHAR, a FORTRAN90 library which can compute machine arithmetic quantities dynamically.

NMS, a FORTRAN90 library which includes MACHINE.

SLATEC, a FORTRAN90 library which includes MACHINE.

Reference:

1. Phyllis Fox, Andrew Hall, Norman Schryer,
   Algorithm 528: Framework for a Portable Library,
   ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software,
   Volume 4, Number 2, June 1978, page 176-188.
2. http://www.netlib.org/toms/528
   the NETLIB web site for ACM TOMS algorithms.

Source Code:

• machine.f90, the source code.

Examples and Tests:

• machine_test.f90, a sample calling program.
• machine_test.txt, the output file.

List of Routines:

• D1MACH returns double precision machine constants.
• I1MACH returns integer machine constants.
• R1MACH returns single precision machine constants.

You can go up one level to the FORTRAN90 source codes.