COMPLEX_NUMBERS
Complex Numbers in C++ Programming


COMPLEX_NUMBERS is a C++ program which demonstrates very briefly some of the features of using complex numbers in a C++ program.

The first issue is how to declare a complex variable, including the choice of single precision or double precision, whether the variable is a scalar, vector, or array, and whether the variable is initialized with a value, or assigned one.

A second issue concerns the question of how a complex variable is to be printed out.

Another issue concerns how a complex variable is to operated on by the arithmetic operators of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation.

The language also provides a number of intrinsic functions that can be applied to a complex variable. The names of these functions can sometimes be easy to forget. Moreover, it is occasionally true that there may be a selection of functions with similar names (say, "exp", "cexp" and "dcexp") which may or may not produce the desired results.

Another issue concerns the details of double precision calculation. Even a single accidental use of a single precision function name in a double precision computation can result in the loss of half the digits of accuracy. Thus, it sometimes really matters whether you use "cmplx" or "dcmplx" to assign values to a double precision complex variable.

An unusual feature of the C++ implementation of complex numbers is that "complex <float>" and "complex <double>" are not as easily used as an ordinary type when trying to "cast" values. That is, it may be very tempting to try to assign a complex value with a statement such as

a = ( complex <double> ) ( 1.0, 2.0 ); (illegal!)
but this is wrong because (1.0,2.0) is not a legitimate numeric type that is to be converted to another type, which is what a cast operator requires. The statement, unfortunately, is not necessarily illegal, so the compiler won't warn you, and my compiler will actually end up setting a to 2, which is not what I wanted at all. The correct assignment is
a = complex <double> ( 1.0, 2.0 );
and you can read this as a call to a function whose arguments are the real and imaginary parts of the desired result. People who are used to the idea that parentheses never hurt should take note of this counterexample!

A second, and more peculiar, feature to me is that it seems as though the complex numbers created in C++ cannot easily interoperate with the real and integer values. In particular, assuming the declaration

a = complex <double> ( 1.0, 2.0 );
my compiler complained about statements like these:
        a = a + 1; (illegal!)
        a = a * 4; (illegal!)
        a = a / 8; (illegal!)
        a = 1 / a; (illegal!)
        a = pow ( 2, a ); (illegal!)
        a = pow ( 2.1, a ); (illegal!)
      
all of which became legal when I replaced the arithmetic operands by corresponding complex <double> variables of the same value.

A third peculiarity of the C++ version of complex numbers is that the function norm ( z ) is stated to return the norm of the complex number z, but in fact, returns the square of the norm of the number. The use of the word "norm" is a misuse, since the norm has a commonly accepted mathematical definition as the square root of the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary parts. Thus, the C++ function returns the "norm" of 4+4i as 32 whereas the norm of 4+4i is sqrt(32). As ever in computer languages, once a bad choice is made, it's never rescinded. Be prepared for needless and inevitable confusion, though, when using this function.

Licensing:

The computer code and data files described and made available on this web page are distributed under the GNU LGPL license.

Languages:

COMPLEX_NUMBERS is available in a C version and a C++ version and a FORTRAN90 version and a MATLAB version and a Python version.

Related Data and Programs:

C4LIB, a C++ library which implements certain elementary functions for "C4" or single precision complex variables;

C8LIB, a C++ library which implements certain elementary functions for "C8" or double precision complex variables;

Source Code:

Examples and Tests:

You can go up one level to the C++ source codes.


Last revised on 20 June 2018.