#! /usr/bin/env python
#
def triangle_upper_to_i4 ( i, j ):

#*****************************************************************************80
#
## TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4 converts an upper triangular coordinate to an integer.
#
#  Discussion:
#
#    Triangular coordinates are handy when storing a naturally triangular
#    array (such as the upper half of a matrix) in a linear array.
#
#    Thus, for example, we might consider storing
#
#    (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4)
#          (2,2) (2,3) (2,4)
#                (3,3) (3,4)
#                      (4,4)
#
#    as the linear array
#
#    (1,1) (1,2) (2,2) (1,3) (2,3) (3,3) (1,4) (2,4) (3,4) (4,4)
#
#    Here, the quantities in parenthesis represent the natural row and
#    column indices of a single number when stored in a rectangular array.
#
#    Thus, our goal is, given the row I and column J of the data,
#    to produce the value K which indicates its position in the linear
#    array.
#
#    The triangular numbers are the indices associated with the
#    diagonal elements of the original array, T(1,1), T(2,2), T(3,3)
#    and so on.
#
#  Formula:
#
#    K = I + ( (J-1) * J ) / 2
#
#  First Values:
#
#     I  J  K
#
#     0  0  0
#     1  1  1
#     1  2  2
#     2  2  3
#     1  3  4
#     2  3  5
#     3  3  6
#     1  4  7
#     2  4  8
#     3  4  9
#     4  4 10
#
#  Licensing:
#
#    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
#
#  Modified:
#
#    22 March 2017
#
#  Author:
#
#    John Burkardt
#
#  Parameters:
#
#    Input, integer I, J, the row and column indices.  I and J must
#    be nonnegative, and I must not be greater than J.
#
#    Output, integer VALUE, the linear index of the (I,J) element.
#
  from sys import exit

  if ( i < 0 ):
    print ( '' )
    print ( 'TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4 - Fatal error!' )
    print ( '  I < 0.' )
    print ( '  I = %d' % ( i ) )
    exit ( 'TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4 - Fatal error!' )

  if ( j < 0 ):
    print ( '' )
    print ( 'TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4 - Fatal error!' )
    print ( '  J < 0.' )
    print ( '  J = %d' % ( j ) )
    exit ( 'TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4 - Fatal error!' )

  if ( j < i ):
    print ( '' )
    print ( 'TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4 - Fatal error!' )
    print ( '  I < J.' )
    print ( '  I = %d' % ( i ) )
    print ( '  J = %d' % ( j ) )
    exit ( 'TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4 - Fatal error!' )

  value = i + ( ( j + 1 ) * j ) // 2

  return value

def triangle_upper_to_i4_test ( ):

#*****************************************************************************80
#
## TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4_TEST tests TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4.
#
#  Licensing:
#
#    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license. 
#
#  Modified:
#
#    21 August 2018
#
#  Author:
#
#    John Burkardt
#
  import platform

  print ( '' )
  print ( 'TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4_TEST' )
  print ( '  Python version: %s' % ( platform.python_version ( ) ) )
  print ( '  TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4 converts an upper triangular index to a linear one.' )
  print ( '' )
  print ( '   ( I,    J ) ==> K' )
  print ( '' )

  for j in range ( 0, 5 ):
    for i in range ( 0, j + 1 ):
      k = triangle_upper_to_i4 ( i,j )  
      print ( '  %4d  %4d    %4d' % ( i, j, k ) )
#
#  Terminate.
#
  print ( '' )
  print ( 'TRIANGLE_UPPER_TO_I4_TEST:' )
  print ( '  Normal end of execution.' )
  return

if ( __name__ == '__main__' ):
  from timestamp import timestamp
  timestamp ( )
  triangle_upper_to_i4_test ( )
  timestamp ( )