subroutine log_normal_cdf ( x, mu, sigma, cdf )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! LOG_NORMAL_CDF evaluates the Log Normal CDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    12 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) X, the argument of the PDF.
!    0.0 < X.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, SIGMA, the parameters of the PDF.
!    0.0 < SIGMA.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) CDF, the value of the CDF.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ) cdf
  real ( kind = 8 ) logx
  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma
  real ( kind = 8 ) x

  if ( x <= 0.0D+00 ) then

    cdf = 0.0D+00

  else

    logx = log ( x )

    call normal_cdf ( logx, mu, sigma, cdf )

  end if

  return
end
subroutine log_normal_cdf_inv ( cdf, mu, sigma, x )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! LOG_NORMAL_CDF_INV inverts the Log Normal CDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    12 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) CDF, the value of the CDF.
!    0.0 <= CDF <= 1.0.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, SIGMA, the parameters of the PDF.
!    0.0 < SIGMA.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) X, the corresponding argument.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ) cdf
  real ( kind = 8 ) logx
  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma
  real ( kind = 8 ) x

  if ( cdf < 0.0D+00 .or. 1.0D+00 < cdf ) then
    write ( *, '(a)' ) ' '
    write ( *, '(a)' ) 'LOG_NORMAL_CDF_INV - Fatal error!'
    write ( *, '(a)' ) '  CDF < 0 or 1 < CDF.'
    stop 1
  end if

  call normal_cdf_inv ( cdf, mu, sigma, logx )

  x = exp ( logx )

  return
end
subroutine log_normal_cdf_values ( n_data, mu, sigma, x, fx )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! LOG_NORMAL_CDF_VALUES returns some values of the Log Normal CDF.
!
!  Discussion:
!
!    In Mathematica, the function can be evaluated by:
!
!      Needs["Statistics`ContinuousDistributions`"]
!      dist = LogNormalDistribution [ mu, sigma ]
!      CDF [ dist, x ]
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    28 August 2004
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Reference:
!
!    Milton Abramowitz, Irene Stegun,
!    Handbook of Mathematical Functions,
!    National Bureau of Standards, 1964,
!    LC: QA47.A34,
!    ISBN: 0-486-61272-4.
!
!    Stephen Wolfram,
!    The Mathematica Book,
!    Fourth Edition,
!    Wolfram Media / Cambridge University Press, 1999.
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input/output, integer ( kind = 4 ) N_DATA.  The user sets N_DATA to 0
!    before the first call.  On each call, the routine increments N_DATA by 1,
!    and returns the corresponding data; when there is no more data, the
!    output value of N_DATA will be 0 again.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, the mean of the distribution.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) SIGMA, the shape parameter of the distribution.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) X, the argument of the function.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) FX, the value of the function.
!
  implicit none

  integer ( kind = 4 ), parameter :: n_max = 12

  real ( kind = 8 ) fx
  real ( kind = 8 ), save, dimension ( n_max ) :: fx_vec = (/ &
    0.2275013194817921D-01, &
    0.2697049307349095D+00, &
    0.5781741008028732D+00, &
    0.7801170895122241D+00, &
    0.4390310097476894D+00, &
    0.4592655190218048D+00, &
    0.4694258497695908D+00, &
    0.4755320473858733D+00, &
    0.3261051056816658D+00, &
    0.1708799040927608D+00, &
    0.7343256357952060D-01, &
    0.2554673736161761D-01 /)
  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ), save, dimension ( n_max ) :: mu_vec = (/ &
    0.1000000000000000D+01, &
    0.1000000000000000D+01, &
    0.1000000000000000D+01, &
    0.1000000000000000D+01, &
    0.1000000000000000D+01, &
    0.1000000000000000D+01, &
    0.1000000000000000D+01, &
    0.1000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.3000000000000000D+01, &
    0.4000000000000000D+01, &
    0.5000000000000000D+01 /)
  integer ( kind = 4 ) n_data
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma
  real ( kind = 8 ), save, dimension ( n_max ) :: sigma_vec = (/ &
    0.5000000000000000D+00, &
    0.5000000000000000D+00, &
    0.5000000000000000D+00, &
    0.5000000000000000D+00, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.3000000000000000D+01, &
    0.4000000000000000D+01, &
    0.5000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01 /)
  real ( kind = 8 ) x
  real ( kind = 8 ), save, dimension ( n_max ) :: x_vec = (/ &
    0.1000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.3000000000000000D+01, &
    0.4000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.2000000000000000D+01, &
    0.3000000000000000D+01, &
    0.3000000000000000D+01, &
    0.3000000000000000D+01, &
    0.3000000000000000D+01 /)

  if ( n_data < 0 ) then
    n_data = 0
  end if

  n_data = n_data + 1

  if ( n_max < n_data ) then
    n_data = 0
    mu = 0.0D+00
    sigma = 0.0D+00
    x = 0.0D+00
    fx = 0.0D+00
  else
    mu = mu_vec(n_data)
    sigma = sigma_vec(n_data)
    x = x_vec(n_data)
    fx = fx_vec(n_data)
  end if

  return
end
function log_normal_check ( mu, sigma )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! LOG_NORMAL_CHECK checks the parameters of the Log Normal PDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    08 December 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, SIGMA, the parameters of the PDF.
!    0.0 < SIGMA.
!
!    Output, logical LOG_NORMAL_CHECK, is true if the parameters are legal.
!
  implicit none

  logical log_normal_check
  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma

  log_normal_check = .true.

  if ( sigma <= 0.0D+00 ) then
    write ( *, '(a)' ) ' '
    write ( *, '(a)' ) 'LOG_NORMAL_CHECK - Fatal error!'
    write ( *, '(a)' ) '  B <= 0.'
    log_normal_check = .false.
  end if

  return
end
subroutine log_normal_mean ( mu, sigma, mean )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! LOG_NORMAL_MEAN returns the mean of the Log Normal PDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    12 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, SIGMA, the parameters of the PDF.
!    0.0 < SIGMA.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) MEAN, the mean of the PDF.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ) mean
  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma

  mean = exp ( mu + 0.5D+00 * sigma * sigma )

  return
end
subroutine log_normal_pdf ( x, mu, sigma, pdf )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! LOG_NORMAL_PDF evaluates the Log Normal PDF.
!
!  Discussion:
!
!    PDF(A,B;X)
!      = exp ( - 0.5 * ( ( log ( X ) - MU ) / SIGMA )^2 )
!        / ( SIGMA * X * sqrt ( 2 * PI ) )
!
!    The Log Normal PDF is also known as the Cobb-Douglas PDF,
!    and as the Antilog_normal PDF.
!
!    The Log Normal PDF describes a variable X whose logarithm
!    is normally distributed.
!
!    The special case MU = 0, SIGMA = 1 is known as Gilbrat's PDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    10 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) X, the argument of the PDF.
!    0.0 < X
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, SIGMA, the parameters of the PDF.
!    0.0 < SIGMA.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) PDF, the value of the PDF.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ) pdf
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: r8_pi = 3.141592653589793D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma
  real ( kind = 8 ) x

  if ( x <= 0.0D+00 ) then
    pdf = 0.0D+00
  else
    pdf = exp ( - 0.5D+00 * ( ( log ( x ) - mu ) / sigma ) ** 2 ) &
      / ( sigma * x * sqrt ( 2.0D+00 * r8_pi ) )
  end if

  return
end
subroutine log_normal_sample ( mu, sigma, seed, x )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! LOG_NORMAL_SAMPLE samples the Log Normal PDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    10 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, SIGMA, the parameters of the PDF.
!    0.0 < SIGMA.
!
!    Input/output, integer ( kind = 4 ) SEED, a seed for the random
!    number generator.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) X, a sample of the PDF.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ) cdf
  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ) r8_uniform_01
  integer ( kind = 4 ) seed
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma
  real ( kind = 8 ) x

  cdf = r8_uniform_01 ( seed )

  call log_normal_cdf_inv ( cdf, mu, sigma, x )

  return
end
subroutine log_normal_variance ( mu, sigma, variance )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! LOG_NORMAL_VARIANCE returns the variance of the Log Normal PDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    12 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, SIGMA, the parameters of the PDF.
!    0.0 < SIGMA.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) VARIANCE, the variance of the PDF.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma
  real ( kind = 8 ) variance

  variance = exp ( 2.0D+00 * mu + sigma * sigma ) &
    * ( exp ( sigma * sigma ) - 1.0D+00 )

  return
end
subroutine normal_01_cdf ( x, cdf )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! NORMAL_01_CDF evaluates the Normal 01 CDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    10 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Reference:
!
!    AG Adams,
!    Algorithm 39,
!    Areas Under the Normal Curve,
!    Computer Journal,
!    Volume 12, pages 197-198, 1969.
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) X, the argument of the CDF.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) CDF, the value of the CDF.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: a1 = 0.398942280444D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: a2 = 0.399903438504D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: a3 = 5.75885480458D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: a4 = 29.8213557808D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: a5 = 2.62433121679D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: a6 = 48.6959930692D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: a7 = 5.92885724438D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b0 = 0.398942280385D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b1 = 3.8052D-08
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b2 = 1.00000615302D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b3 = 3.98064794D-04
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b4 = 1.98615381364D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b5 = 0.151679116635D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b6 = 5.29330324926D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b7 = 4.8385912808D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b8 = 15.1508972451D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b9 = 0.742380924027D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b10 = 30.789933034D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: b11 = 3.99019417011D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ) cdf
  real ( kind = 8 ) q
  real ( kind = 8 ) x
  real ( kind = 8 ) y
!
!  |X| <= 1.28.
!
  if ( abs ( x ) <= 1.28D+00 ) then

    y = 0.5D+00 * x * x

    q = 0.5D+00 - abs ( x ) * ( a1 - a2 * y / ( y + a3 - a4 / ( y + a5 &
      + a6 / ( y + a7 ) ) ) )
!
!  1.28 < |X| <= 12.7
!
  else if ( abs ( x ) <= 12.7D+00 ) then

    y = 0.5D+00 * x * x

    q = exp ( - y ) * b0 / ( abs ( x ) - b1 &
      + b2 / ( abs ( x ) + b3 &
      + b4 / ( abs ( x ) - b5 &
      + b6 / ( abs ( x ) + b7 &
      - b8 / ( abs ( x ) + b9 &
      + b10 / ( abs ( x ) + b11 ) ) ) ) ) )
!
!  12.7 < |X|
!
  else

    q = 0.0D+00

  end if
!
!  Take account of negative X.
!
  if ( x < 0.0D+00 ) then
    cdf = q
  else
    cdf = 1.0D+00 - q
  end if

  return
end
subroutine normal_01_cdf_inv ( p, x )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! NORMAL_01_CDF_INV inverts the standard normal CDF.
!
!  Discussion:
!
!    The result is accurate to about 1 part in 10^16.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    05 June 2007
!
!  Author:
!
!    Original FORTRAN77 version by Michael Wichura.
!    FORTRAN90 version by John Burkardt.
!
!  Reference:
!
!    Michael Wichura,
!    Algorithm AS241:
!    The Percentage Points of the Normal Distribution,
!    Applied Statistics,
!    Volume 37, Number 3, pages 477-484, 1988.
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) P, the value of the cumulative probability
!    densitity function.  0 < P < 1.  If P is outside this range, an
!    "infinite" value will be returned.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) X, the normal deviate value
!    with the property that the probability of a standard normal deviate being
!    less than or equal to the value is P.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter, dimension ( 8 ) :: a = (/ &
    3.3871328727963666080D+00, &
    1.3314166789178437745D+02, &
    1.9715909503065514427D+03, &
    1.3731693765509461125D+04, &
    4.5921953931549871457D+04, &
    6.7265770927008700853D+04, &
    3.3430575583588128105D+04, &
    2.5090809287301226727D+03 /)
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter, dimension ( 8 ) :: b = (/ &
    1.0D+00, &
    4.2313330701600911252D+01, &
    6.8718700749205790830D+02, &
    5.3941960214247511077D+03, &
    2.1213794301586595867D+04, &
    3.9307895800092710610D+04, &
    2.8729085735721942674D+04, &
    5.2264952788528545610D+03 /)
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter, dimension ( 8 ) :: c = (/ &
    1.42343711074968357734D+00, &
    4.63033784615654529590D+00, &
    5.76949722146069140550D+00, &
    3.64784832476320460504D+00, &
    1.27045825245236838258D+00, &
    2.41780725177450611770D-01, &
    2.27238449892691845833D-02, &
    7.74545014278341407640D-04 /)
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: const1 = 0.180625D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: const2 = 1.6D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter, dimension ( 8 ) :: d = (/ &
    1.0D+00, &
    2.05319162663775882187D+00, &
    1.67638483018380384940D+00, &
    6.89767334985100004550D-01, &
    1.48103976427480074590D-01, &
    1.51986665636164571966D-02, &
    5.47593808499534494600D-04, &
    1.05075007164441684324D-09 /)
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter, dimension ( 8 ) :: e = (/ &
    6.65790464350110377720D+00, &
    5.46378491116411436990D+00, &
    1.78482653991729133580D+00, &
    2.96560571828504891230D-01, &
    2.65321895265761230930D-02, &
    1.24266094738807843860D-03, &
    2.71155556874348757815D-05, &
    2.01033439929228813265D-07 /)
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter, dimension ( 8 ) :: f = (/ &
    1.0D+00, &
    5.99832206555887937690D-01, &
    1.36929880922735805310D-01, &
    1.48753612908506148525D-02, &
    7.86869131145613259100D-04, &
    1.84631831751005468180D-05, &
    1.42151175831644588870D-07, &
    2.04426310338993978564D-15 /)
  real ( kind = 8 ) p
  real ( kind = 8 ) q
  real ( kind = 8 ) r
  real ( kind = 8 ) r8poly_value
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: split1 = 0.425D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ), parameter :: split2 = 5.0D+00
  real ( kind = 8 ) x

  if ( p <= 0.0D+00 ) then
    x = - huge ( x )
    return
  end if

  if ( 1.0D+00 <= p ) then
    x = huge ( x )
    return
  end if

  q = p - 0.5D+00

  if ( abs ( q ) <= split1 ) then

    r = const1 - q * q
    x = q * r8poly_value ( 7, a, r ) / r8poly_value ( 7, b, r )

  else

    if ( q < 0.0D+00 ) then
      r = p
    else
      r = 1.0D+00 - p
    end if

    if ( r <= 0.0D+00 ) then

      x = huge ( x )

    else

      r = sqrt ( - log ( r ) )

      if ( r <= split2 ) then

        r = r - const2
        x = r8poly_value ( 7, c, r ) / r8poly_value ( 7, d, r )

      else

        r = r - split2
        x = r8poly_value ( 7, e, r ) / r8poly_value ( 7, f, r )

      end if

    end if

    if ( q < 0.0D+00 ) then
      x = -x
    end if

  end if

  return
end
subroutine normal_cdf ( x, mu, sigma, cdf )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! NORMAL_CDF evaluates the Normal CDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    23 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) X, the argument of the CDF.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, SIGMA, the parameters of the PDF.
!    0.0 < SIGMA.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) CDF, the value of the CDF.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ) cdf
  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma
  real ( kind = 8 ) x
  real ( kind = 8 ) y

  y = ( x - mu ) / sigma

  call normal_01_cdf ( y, cdf )

  return
end
subroutine normal_cdf_inv ( cdf, mu, sigma, x )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! NORMAL_CDF_INV inverts the Normal CDF.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    23 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) CDF, the value of the CDF.
!    0.0 <= CDF <= 1.0.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) MU, SIGMA, the parameters of the PDF.
!    0.0 < SIGMA.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) X, the corresponding argument.
!
  implicit none

  real ( kind = 8 ) cdf
  real ( kind = 8 ) mu
  real ( kind = 8 ) sigma
  real ( kind = 8 ) x
  real ( kind = 8 ) x2

  if ( cdf < 0.0D+00 .or. 1.0D+00 < cdf ) then
    write ( *, '(a)' ) ' '
    write ( *, '(a)' ) 'NORMAL_CDF_INV - Fatal error!'
    write ( *, '(a)' ) '  CDF < 0 or 1 < CDF.'
    stop 1
  end if

  call normal_01_cdf_inv ( cdf, x2 )

  x = mu + sigma * x2

  return
end
function r8_uniform_01 ( seed )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! R8_UNIFORM_01 returns a unit pseudorandom R8.
!
!  Discussion:
!
!    An R8 is a real ( kind = 8 ) value.
!
!    For now, the input quantity SEED is an integer variable.
!
!    This routine implements the recursion
!
!      seed = 16807 * seed mod ( 2^31 - 1 )
!      r8_uniform_01 = seed / ( 2^31 - 1 )
!
!    The integer arithmetic never requires more than 32 bits,
!    including a sign bit.
!
!    If the initial seed is 12345, then the first three computations are
!
!      Input     Output      R8_UNIFORM_01
!      SEED      SEED
!
!         12345   207482415  0.096616
!     207482415  1790989824  0.833995
!    1790989824  2035175616  0.947702
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    05 July 2006
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Reference:
!
!    Paul Bratley, Bennett Fox, Linus Schrage,
!    A Guide to Simulation,
!    Springer Verlag, pages 201-202, 1983.
!
!    Pierre L'Ecuyer,
!    Random Number Generation,
!    in Handbook of Simulation,
!    edited by Jerry Banks,
!    Wiley Interscience, page 95, 1998.
!
!    Bennett Fox,
!    Algorithm 647:
!    Implementation and Relative Efficiency of Quasirandom
!    Sequence Generators,
!    ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software,
!    Volume 12, Number 4, pages 362-376, 1986.
!
!    Peter Lewis, Allen Goodman, James Miller
!    A Pseudo-Random Number Generator for the System/360,
!    IBM Systems Journal,
!    Volume 8, pages 136-143, 1969.
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input/output, integer ( kind = 4 ) SEED, the "seed" value, which should
!    NOT be 0. On output, SEED has been updated.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) R8_UNIFORM_01, a new pseudorandom variate,
!    strictly between 0 and 1.
!
  implicit none

  integer ( kind = 4 ), parameter :: i4_huge = 2147483647
  integer ( kind = 4 ) k
  real ( kind = 8 ) r8_uniform_01
  integer ( kind = 4 ) seed

  if ( seed == 0 ) then
    write ( *, '(a)' ) ' '
    write ( *, '(a)' ) 'R8_UNIFORM_01 - Fatal error!'
    write ( *, '(a)' ) '  Input value of SEED = 0.'
    stop 1
  end if

  k = seed / 127773

  seed = 16807 * ( seed - k * 127773 ) - k * 2836

  if ( seed < 0 ) then
    seed = seed + i4_huge
  end if

  r8_uniform_01 = real ( seed, kind = 8 ) * 4.656612875D-10

  return
end
function r8poly_value_horner ( m, c, x )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! R8POLY_VALUE_HORNER evaluates a polynomial using Horner's method.
!
!  Discussion:
!
!    The polynomial 
!
!      p(x) = c0 + c1 * x + c2 * x^2 + ... + cm * x^m
!
!    is to be evaluated at the value X.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    02 January 2014
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, integer ( kind = 4 ) M, the degree.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) C(0:M), the polynomial coefficients.  
!    C(I) is the coefficient of X^I.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) X, the evaluation point.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) R8POLY_VALUE_HORNER, the polynomial value.
!
  implicit none

  integer ( kind = 4 ) m

  real ( kind = 8 ) c(0:m)
  integer ( kind = 4 ) i
  real ( kind = 8 ) r8poly_value_horner
  real ( kind = 8 ) value
  real ( kind = 8 ) x

  value = c(m)
  do i = m - 1, 0, -1
    value = value * x + c(i)
  end do

  r8poly_value_horner = value

  return
end
subroutine r8vec_max ( n, a, amax )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! R8VEC_MAX returns the maximum value in an R8VEC.
!
!  Discussion:
!
!    An R8VEC is a vector of R8's.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    30 January 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, integer ( kind = 4 ) N, the number of entries in the array.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) A(N), the array.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) AMAX, the value of the largest entry.
!
  implicit none

  integer ( kind = 4 ) n

  real ( kind = 8 ) a(n)
  real ( kind = 8 ) amax

  amax = maxval ( a(1:n) )

  return
end
subroutine r8vec_mean ( n, x, mean )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! R8VEC_MEAN returns the mean of an R8VEC.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    02 February 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, integer ( kind = 4 ) N, the number of entries in the vector.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) X(N), the vector whose mean is desired.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) MEAN, the mean, or average,
!    of the vector entries.
!
  implicit none

  integer ( kind = 4 ) n

  real ( kind = 8 ) mean
  real ( kind = 8 ) x(n)

  mean = sum ( x(1:n) ) / real ( n, kind = 8 )

  return
end
subroutine r8vec_min ( n, a, amin )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! R8VEC_MIN returns the minimum value of an R8VEC.
!
!  Discussion:
!
!    An R8VEC is a vector of R8's.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    17 November 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, integer ( kind = 4 ) N, the number of entries in the array.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) A(N), the array.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) AMIN, the value of the smallest entry.
!
  implicit none

  integer ( kind = 4 ) n

  real ( kind = 8 ) a(n)
  real ( kind = 8 ) amin

  amin = minval ( a(1:n) )

  return
end
subroutine r8vec_variance ( n, x, variance )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! R8VEC_VARIANCE returns the variance of an R8VEC.
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    01 May 1999
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    Input, integer ( kind = 4 ) N, the number of entries in the vector.
!
!    Input, real ( kind = 8 ) X(N), the vector whose variance is desired.
!
!    Output, real ( kind = 8 ) VARIANCE, the variance of the vector entries.
!
  implicit none

  integer ( kind = 4 ) n

  real ( kind = 8 ) mean
  real ( kind = 8 ) variance
  real ( kind = 8 ) x(n)

  call r8vec_mean ( n, x, mean )

  variance = sum ( ( x(1:n) - mean ) ** 2 )

  if ( 1 < n ) then
    variance = variance / real ( n - 1, kind = 8 )
  else
    variance = 0.0D+00
  end if

  return
end
subroutine timestamp ( )

!*****************************************************************************80
!
!! TIMESTAMP prints the current YMDHMS date as a time stamp.
!
!  Example:
!
!    31 May 2001   9:45:54.872 AM
!
!  Licensing:
!
!    This code is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.
!
!  Modified:
!
!    18 May 2013
!
!  Author:
!
!    John Burkardt
!
!  Parameters:
!
!    None
!
  implicit none

  character ( len = 8 ) ampm
  integer ( kind = 4 ) d
  integer ( kind = 4 ) h
  integer ( kind = 4 ) m
  integer ( kind = 4 ) mm
  character ( len = 9 ), parameter, dimension(12) :: month = (/ &
    'January  ', 'February ', 'March    ', 'April    ', &
    'May      ', 'June     ', 'July     ', 'August   ', &
    'September', 'October  ', 'November ', 'December ' /)
  integer ( kind = 4 ) n
  integer ( kind = 4 ) s
  integer ( kind = 4 ) values(8)
  integer ( kind = 4 ) y

  call date_and_time ( values = values )

  y = values(1)
  m = values(2)
  d = values(3)
  h = values(5)
  n = values(6)
  s = values(7)
  mm = values(8)

  if ( h < 12 ) then
    ampm = 'AM'
  else if ( h == 12 ) then
    if ( n == 0 .and. s == 0 ) then
      ampm = 'Noon'
    else
      ampm = 'PM'
    end if
  else
    h = h - 12
    if ( h < 12 ) then
      ampm = 'PM'
    else if ( h == 12 ) then
      if ( n == 0 .and. s == 0 ) then
        ampm = 'Midnight'
      else
        ampm = 'AM'
      end if
    end if
  end if

  write ( *, '(i2,1x,a,1x,i4,2x,i2,a1,i2.2,a1,i2.2,a1,i3.3,1x,a)' ) &
    d, trim ( month(m) ), y, h, ':', n, ':', s, '.', mm, trim ( ampm )

  return
end